Provincia d[e] S. Diego de Mexico en la nueba España tiene 14 co[n]ventos y desde el d[e] Oaxaca que esta en 17 gra[do]s ael le sueste hasta el de Aguas Calie[n]tes que esta en 22 al norueste ay de distancia 160 leguas : por el oriente co[n]fina con el obispado de la Puebla y Oaxaca, por el poniente co[n] el Obispado de Michoacan y Guadalaxara, por norte y sur con el Arzobispado de Mexico /

In the 17th century, maps took a huge leap forward. Mathematical and astronomical knowledge necessary to make accurate measurements had evolved. English mathematicians had perfected triangulation: navigation and surveying by right-angled triangles. Triangulation allowed navigators to set accurate courses and produced accurate land surveys. Seamen learned to correct their compasses for declination and had determined the existence of annual compass variation. Latitude determination was greatly improved with the John Davis quadrant. The measurement of distance sailed at sea was improved by another English invention, the common log. Longitudinal distance between Europe and Québec was determined by solar and lunar eclipses by the Jesuit Bressani in the 1640s and by Jean Deshayes in 1686. With accurate surveys in Europe, the grid of the modern map began to take shape.