Keeping physically fit; common-sense exercises for the whole family (1916) (14594942110)

Identifier: keepingphysicall00crom (find matches)
Title: Keeping physically fit; common-sense exercises for the whole family
Year: 1916 (1910s)
Authors: Cromie, William J. (William James), 1877-
Subjects: Physical education and training
Publisher: New York, The Macmillan company
Contributing Library: The Library of Congress
Digitizing Sponsor: The Library of Congress



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e the thorax remainsfixed should be avoided. A number of men have experimented in de-termining the force of the inspiratory and ex-piratory muscles. The early workers were Halesand Hutchinson of England, while those ofmore recent date are Bonders and Waldenburgof Germany. This force is measured by meansof a graduated U-shaped glass tube partly filledwith mercury to one end of which is attached aflexible tube, which is applied to the mouth ornose. In ordinary breathing, according toWaldenburg, the mercury moves from 1 to 2mm.; in forced breathing the movement is muchgreater. In average adult men, inspiratory force variesfrom 80 to 100 mm. Hg., expiratory force from100 to 130 mm. Hg. In women the former isrepresented by from 60 to 80 mm. Hg., thelatter by from 20 to 110 mm. Hg. It will be seenby these figures that expiratory force is aboutone-third greater than inspiratory force. A Chest Developer The chest is enlarged by elevation of the ribsand the descent of the diaphragm. The eleva-
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^1^ -03 -§.2 •s* ^1 ,0-^3 O >JP. hD s ^^ C 100 Keeping Physically Fit tion of the ribs increases the sagittal and lateraldiameters and the descent of the diaphragmincreases the vertical diameter. In ordinary breathing the average person hasvery httle rib movement especially in the upperpart of the chest, respiration being chiefly ab-dominal. It is during fast walking, running, ath-letics, gymnastics, swimming, games, and specialdeep-breathing exercises, such as are illustratedhere, that the upper diameter of the chest isbrought into vigorous action. In the civihzedwoman it is the upper part of the chest that ismostly used, but this type of breathing is nota natural one, due to the fact that the dia-phragmatic action is correspondingly curtailedon account of the restricting influence of stayswhich interfere with the free descent of the di-aphragm and the expansion of the lower bonycage. It is for this reason, claims Gibson, anauthority on the lungs, that after the age offourteen